Scholars of religion continue to talk of syncretism where their colleagues have moved on to talk of hybridity. This paper reviews critiques of the latter concept and argues that ‘hybridity’ can be a useful concept, but only if further specified. I follow Peter Wade in distinguishing between hybridity of origin (the combination of pre-existing forms), and hybridity of encounter (the result of diasporic movements). I propose a third type, hybridity of refraction, in order to highlight the manner in which religiousor cultural phenomena refract social tensions within a specific nation or society, resulting in a spectrum of ritual, doctrinal and/or religious forms. The typology is not meant to be complete or mutually exclusive: it suggests the value of adopting distinct, potentially overlapping, perspectives on hybridization. I illustrate the heuristic value of this approach with the case of Umbanda, a twentieth-century Brazilian religion.

This is the post-refereed, pre-print version: "The institute employing the author may post the post-refereed, but pre-print version of that article free of charge on its website. The post-refereed, pre-print version means the version which contains all adaptations made after peer reviewing (upon acceptance). The publisher’s lay-out must not be used." The post-print version (as published) is available on my personal website: http://stevenengler.ca/?page_id=590