This paper provides a review of published literature associated with the Australian Dingo, its genetic origins, biological diversity and future sustainability as a distinctive taxon. The Australian dingo has long suffered from an identity crisis. Over the years scientists have been in a dilemma over the correct classification of the Australian dingo. It has been listed as its own species Canis dingo, as a subspecies of the grey wolf Canis lupus dingo or alternatively a subspecies of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris dingo). So what is the true origin and gene pool of the Australian Dingo? A variety of methods can be used to determine the phylogenetic relationship and measure the genetic variability of dogs, dingoes and wolf canids. These include DNA-DNA hybridization, allozyme electrophresis, microsatellites and mtDNA sequencing. Other systems used to determine the origin of a species include morphological, behavioural, phenotypic and reproductive characteristics. As the wealth of information and knowledge about canine DNA markers increase it provides for us the opportunity to apply this knowledge to the study of genetic diversity, biological sustainability and the issue of hereditary diseases.This paper address the possible answers to questions about the evolution of the Australian Dingo, its genetic strength, the importance of current purebred populations and prospects for survival as a distinctive taxon. From research conducted into the DNA of the Domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and comparative studies of the Australian dingo (Canis lupus dingo), a unique picture has been constructed that provides us with information about the missing chapters in its evolutionary history and its hope for future survival.