Intestinal translocation of bacteria is defined as the ingress of gastrointestinal microflora across the lamina propria to local mesenteric lymph nodes and thence to extranodal sites. Bacterial translocation has been long been considered as a possible direct cause of sepsis when under certain conditions bacteria cross the intestinal barrier, enter the systemic circulation and cause a generalised inflammatory response syndrome. While this is an attractive hypothesis, which finds support from experimental models, evidence from clinical studies is equivocal in confirming that bacterial translocation is the primary cause of sepsis. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms by which gut bacteria gain entry to the systemic circulation are not well defined. This review provides a brief overview of bacterial translocation in the intestine, discusses our current understanding of the role it plays in the development of sepsis syndrome and suggests areas for future research to determine the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the aetiology of disease.